US Sub-Culture Report - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2827 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Culture Essay Level High school Topics: Subculture Essay Did you like this example? US Sub-Culture Report A disability is defined as an impairment that limits a persons ability to engage in certain tasks typical for daily activities and interactions (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). The term disability covers a wide range of impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions that are protected by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) if they fit one or more of the descriptions associated with the legal definition. There were a reported 54 million people with a disability in 2005 (Carr-Ruffino, 2015). People can suffer in their own way through mental or physical barriers that others are sometimes not aware of, and those barriers can limit a persons life activities. Generally, these barriers are stereotyped or can create an unconscious bias in and out of the workplace. This is because they do not grasp the struggle of what Americans with disabilities can go through. Even though laws have been enacted to protect Americans with disabilities, it is up to the rest of us to change the perspective these stereotypes have created. Once we begin to understand Americans with disabilities, we can spread awareness that can lead to better inclusion opportunities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "US Sub-Culture Report" essay for you Create order History Disabilities have been around since the beginning of time, and come in many shapes, forms, and severities. There are over 56 million people with disabilities in the United States, with roughly 18.3 million between the ages of 18 and 65 years old (HirePotential, Inc., 2017). About one out of every five people has a disability of some kind, and the disability may or may not be visible or apparent, and everyone has a 20% chance of acquiring a disability at any time (HirePotential, Inc., 2017). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed on July 26, 1990. The ADA prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else to participate in the mainstream of American life to enjoy employment opportunities, to purchase goods and services, and to participate in State and local government programs and services (United States Department of Justice , 2018). Cultural Overview Sub-Culture Profile and Characteristics Just about everyone will be disabled in some way at some point in their lives, and anyone can join this sub-culture at any time. To be protected under the ADA, people must either have a physical or mental impairment that significantly limits a major life activity, have a record of the impairment, or are regarded as having the impairment (Carr-Ruffino, 2015, p. 527). There are many types of disabilities that are covered under the ADA, and they include both mental and physical disabilities. According to Carr-Ruffino (2015), mental impairments and mobility impairments create the majority of the group of persons that have disabilities (p. 527). Many people with mobility impairments find that their disabilities make it difficult for them to find and keep a job. People who have disabilities in general find it more difficult to get hired, and they often earn significantly less than people who do not have disabilities Due to the employment and income gaps that they face, more people with disabilities may feel unsatisfied with their social lives than people who do not have a disability. Values and Views of Importance to Sub-Culture Group People who have disabilities want to be accepted and want to bring down barriers that may cause limitations. They want to be viewed as equals that have equal opportunities and reasonable accommodations, so they can lead normal lives. People who have disabilities value their individuality, and it is important for them to be seen as people rather than as being regarded as synonymous with their disability. They have many of the same values as any other American person, and want the opportunity to lead happy, normal lives. Another important value to people with disabilities is their independence. They would like to be as self-sufficient as possible and dont want to be portrayed as dependent or incapable. People with disabilities are usually fully capable of living independently as long as they have the necessary accommodations which allow them to do so. Common Stereotypes There are many stereotypes associated with people who have disabilities. Some common stereotypes are that people with disabilities are childlike, dependent, or less of a person, that they are limited and can only perform the simplest of tasks (if they even work), that they create safety risks or are a danger to society, that they are difficult to work with, and that they are unable to lead normal lives and are in constant sorrow (Block, n.d.; Carr-Ruffino, 2015, p. 519-520). These stereotypes are myths for most people with disabilities. People who have disabilities often learn to adapt and can live quite normal lives. Many people who have disabilities are successfully employed and can do most things as well as anyone else that does not have a disability. It has also been proven that people with disabilities have better safety records, are more productive, and have better attendance rates at work than people who do not have disabilities (Carr-Ruffino, 2015, p. 520). Court Cases Disability rights laws were introduced to prohibit discrimination of persons with disabilities in employment, state and local governments, public accommodations, telecommunication, etc. This was the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 which addressed these civil rights laws and allowed the authority of enforcing these laws to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The EEOC has had significant employment cases that were disputed or resolved over the years for people with disabilities. It is important for these cases to clearly promote an understanding to form a national mandate to ensure enforceable standards that address the discrimination towards this sub-culture. It shows that Congress recognizes though a person has a physical or mental disability, it does not eliminate their human rights as an individual for equal opportunity. EEOC v. AIC Security Investigations, Ltd., and Ruth Vrdolyak. The EEOC was litigating that AIC Security Investigations fired Charles Wessel because he had missed work at times due to having cancer. He was able to work but was fired when a new owner that had knowledge of his cancer took over the company. The jury awarded Wessel back pay, compensatory damages, and the maximum amount of punitive damages against both AIC and against the owner of the company (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, n.d.). This was the first case ever to be tried before a jury and that makes it a significant case towards the voice of Americans with disabilities. The American jury trial is considered a constitutional right that highlights inclusion to the fullest extent because courts can overturn laws or acts of government depending on verdict. This means that Charles Wessel, the executive director who filed the complaint, was heard not just for himself, but for all people with disabilities in a court of law. The statement made is that Americans with disabilities subculture now had a voice. EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck Co. Sears was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act when they upheld an uncompromising workers compensation leave exhaustion policy where they fired employees without any compromise for their disabilities. This litigation declared that Sears terminated workers based in their impairments, without considering their ability to return to work or make any pursuit to return them to work. In 2009, the case resulted in a consent decree where both parties came to an agreement or settlement without admission of guilt or liability. The case resulted in the largest monetary recovery in a settlement of a single ADA lawsuit in EEOC history (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, n.d.). This case showed that even after the ADA was enacted in 1990 that there still are disability biass. Despite the progress that has been made there is still discrimination of people with disabilities in the workplace. This is considered to be true due to the fact in 2010 only 46% were employed compared to 90% of the labor force (Carr-Ruffino, 2015). Issues Although the Americans with Disabilities Act has come a long way since it was signed in 1990, future ADA issues still arise in greater demand that requires more progress. Currently, the areas in demand and need improvement are: healthcare, housing, low employment rate, and community services and support (Great Plains ADA Center, 2015). It is apparent that many of the issues that Americans with disabilities face are connected. Healthcare Barriers to healthcare for Americans with Disabilities include health care insurance, as well as health programs and services. Health care insurance availability, affordability, and coverage for benefits, including medications, long-term care, durable medical equipment, mental health, rehabilitative and specialty care, and care coordination, are key issues for people with disabilities (Disability, 2009). Yet, people with disabilities often struggle with inadequate access to these resources. Medicare is reserved for people who have a severe disability, no matter their income. Individuals with low-income living with disabilities may use Medicaid. The nations primary health insurance program for people with disabilities and low-income is Medicaid (Disabilities, 2018). It may be challenging to obtain care and services under these health programs as it is difficult to find physicians who will accept Medicaid or Medicare payments. Other issues regarding these two programs are higher copayments, along with high cost to resources, such as needed equipment or short- and long-term care. Due to these issues, many are not able to afford these and go without. Furthermore, essential healthcare services, such as dental and vison care, are not affordable even under Medicaid. In addition, working-age individuals with disabilities may not get adequate resources from employer-sponsored group health insurance, as it typically only covers basic care, or they may not qualify as some may only work part-time not meeting the requirements to establish healthcare. Private insurance is a rarity as it can be un-affordable and may lack coverage for disability needs. Housing Living independently is an important value and goal for people with disabilities as it increases their self-determination and minimizes their dependence on others. With the help of housing programs, affordable, accessible housing needs may be offered, and many people with disabilities may utilize these programs to move towards independent living. However, challenges are still faced regardless of the resources available, and many may not be available depending on area of location. Approximately 4.9 million non-institutionalized Americans with disabilities solely rely on Supplemental Security Income (SSI), leaving them impacted with an affordability gap (Technical Assistance Collaborative, n.d.). Current data shows that the average income of a single person receiving SSI payments is $9,156, which is approximately 22% below the 2016 poverty level, thus making it difficult to afford the national average rent (in 2016, average rent was $752, or equal to 99% of monthly SSI payments) of a durable unit as it can exceed more than what they receive for monthly SSI payments (Priced out: Fact Sheet, 2017). Another issue facing the housing crisis are accessibility accommodations, which can be costly to rent or purchase. Homes may need accommodations for special features or technologies to make home living manageable, such as an entrance that has a ramp instead of steps for people who use wheelchairs. In addition, many individuals with disabilities are at risk to becoming either institutionalized or homelessness when their caregiver starts aging, making it more difficult to care for their needs. The shortage of housing and support services do not help this situation. The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in the buying, selling, renting or financing of housing towards federally protected classes, yet Americans with disabilities are still facing discrimination when seeking housing. According to 2017 Fair Housing Trends Report, persons with disabilities make up the majority of the complaints (National Fair Housing Alliance, 2017). Low employment rate According to Carr-Ruffino, person with disability report that their physical condition makes finding and keeping a job more difficult for them (Carr-Ruffino, 2015). In addition, workers with disabilities face substantial gaps in pay and compensation compared to employees who do not have a disability. Negative perceptions regarding productivity, social and interpersonal skills, and lack of ability to adjust to people with disabilities creates barriers that leave them finding it more difficult to get hired. Lower employment rates are found among people with disabilities than people without disabilities. According the 2017 Disability Statistics Annual Report, only 35.9% of working-age Americans with Disabilities were employed in 2016, compared with 76.6% of working-age Americans without disabilities (University of New Hampshire, 2017). Community services and support The previous three main issues are the pillars to the last issue that will be discussed lack of community-based service and support for people living with a disability. As mentioned, individuals with disabilities want to live independently, but some require assistance to the activities of daily life or personal care assistance. Services such as enabling community-based independent living to provide assistance with housing and home care can overcome these barriers. However, very little communities offer this service, ultimately resulting in many individuals ending up in care facilities or nursing homes. The biggest downfall to care facilities and nursing homes is that low-income individuals may see the amount of their SSI lowered for Medicaid to pay for their stay. Current Events The foundation to a majority of these issues to support the disabled community gave rise to the introduction of the Disability Integration Act of 2017 bill. This bill prohibits states or local governments that provide institutional placements for individuals with disabilities who need long-term assistance with daily living activities or health-related tasks, and prohibits insurance providers that fund such long-term services, from denying community-based services that would enable such individuals to live in the community and lead an independent life (Disability Integration Act, 2017). This bill does not amend the Americans with Disabilities Act and is only structured like it to ensure people with disabilities have the right to live an independent life without the alternative to unwanted initialization due to lack of resources, low-income, and un-affordable health care. Considerations for Managers and Leaders within the Workplace When the 1990 Federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed, it helped provide opportunity, reasonable accommodations, and accessibility to people with disabilities. Despite this act being passed, management and leadership still have challenges and opportunities relating to working with people who have disabilities. A common challenge for leadership is to make the employee with a disability and their co-workers comfortable. Many people with disabilities must ask for specific accommodations to do their jobs, and accommodations can cost the company money or may impose a greater burden on others in the workplace. This can cause other employees to view the person with a disability in a less favorable light. It is managements responsibility to make co-workers aware of disability issues and train them in skills for working effectively with theses co-workers. Another challenge is getting technological support. Technology can substitute for sensory and motor disabilities, which opens options typically considered unavailable to those with certain other disabilities. These technologies, including internet applications, can make it so that many types of work can be done at home, eliminating the transportation barrier for those with disabilities. Finally, ongoing training and development is another challenge for leadership. Studies have shown that most organizations are less likely to provide training and development opportunities to employees with disabilities than to other employees. This can give those with disabilities more narrow career options as they do not have the tools to grow or get promoted within their company. Leadership needs to provide adequate training and development opportunities and help persons with disabilities to develop career plans. In addition to some of the challenges faced by leadership regarding persons with disabilities, there are also many opportunities that leadership have in order to build on their strengths. One such strength is when hiring a person with a disability, leadership should provide diversity training for all employees. When diversity training is implemented, it increases employee retention and morale, reduces workplace harassment, and improves recruitment efforts to create a more diverse workforce (Balle, 2018). Leadership can also adopt positive attitudes towards employees with disabilities, focusing on what people can do and move through fear of disablement to accept persons with disabilities as normal persons. Leadership and employees can change negative language that may normally be used towards people with disabilities. For example, instead of saying that Jim is wheelchair-bound they can say Jim is a wheelchair user. This can help stop people from focusing on the persons disability, which may make the person synonymous with their disability when using such language, instead of on them being a person. Successful companies such as Hewlett Packard actively recruits from a pool of disabled workers. Not only do they give these people opportunities that other companies may not, they also benefit from tax credit and write-offs such as the Disabled Access Tax Credit or Work Opportunity Tax Credit. Finally, leaderships teams stand to make a lot of money by making marketplace connections with workers with disabilities. The U.S. disability market is over 54 million people, and globally it is 1.2 billion people. In 2010 the disabled Americans spending power was $1.5 trillion a year (Carr-Ruffino, 2015). Many companies make no efforts to target this huge market. Hiring persons with disabilities is a valuable resource for understanding this market area and can help create communication bridges for marketing to persons with disabilities.

Internship report on Ananash travel Essay - 6750 Words

Internship report Recruitment and selection process Of ANANASH TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES LIMITED Submitted To: Ms.Afsana Akhtar Supervisor Internship Submitted By: Shettalumna Nasir ID:06304069 BRAC Business School BRAC University December 9th,2010 December 9th, 2010 Ms.Afsana Akhtar Internship Supervisor BRAC Business School BRAC University Subject: Submission of Internship Report Dear Madam, I have completed this report as part of my internship program. This report has completed according to your requirement and those set by the host organization. This internship project has given me the opportunity to explore the travel related business of Bangladesh. The report is based on my acquire knowledge, experience and skill†¦show more content†¦Ananash started its journey on 2000, with fifteen energetic people. First they do their business on event management and software developing. But after some years they concentrate on travel related services. But with the grace of time it has become one of the most promising travel related company. The company does not have a specific Human Resource Department. However, the managing directors and mangers are responsible for hiring people. In recruitment and selection they follow some steps as per their company rules and regulation. Basically Ananash Trs very much concern about their promotional activities as it is a travel agency and tour organizer. They are very much concern about to catch up the national and international organization they take ANANASH(pineapple) as their company brand name to focus on standard of excellence and fulfill their valuable customers need. VII ANANASH TRS LTD. House# 57/B (2nd Floor), Road# 21, Banani, Dhaka -1213, Bangladesh Phone: +880 2 8860234, 8823420, 9861209 E-mail: info@ananash.com , web : http://www.ananash.com/trs/ CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 ANANASH TRS LTD. House# 57/B (2nd Floor), Road# 21, Banani, Dhaka -1213, Bangladesh Phone: +880 2 8860234, 8823420, 9861209 E-mail: info@ananash.com , web : http://www.ananash.com/trs/ 1.1 Background This internship report has been made to fulfill the course requirement of BUS 400. This report has been assigned to me

Horrors of War Free Essays

|Explain how R. C Sherriff conveys the horrors of war to the audience of â€Å"Journey’s End† | | | |English | | | |2/28/2010 | | | |Chloe Archer | Explain how R. C Sheriff conveys the horrors of war to the audience of â€Å"Journey’s End† Journey’s End† is a play written by R. We will write a custom essay sample on Horrors of War or any similar topic only for you Order Now C Sheriff, who had fought during the First World War. This enabled him to bring his experiences into the play which adds to the realism of the French trenches in 1918. First premiered in the year 1928 (10 years after the end of WW1), the audience would have been sensitive to the play because there was a real possibility that they’d lost friends and family in the war. The entire action of â€Å"Journey’s End† does not leave the dugout where the men are based; which allows the audience an insight of how life was for British companies during WW1 and how they coped with war. Although Sheriff did not intend his play to be focused on the horrors of war, his depiction of a realistic setting and characters convey this. We are given information about the war and the men’s way of life by the setting. ‘Through the doorway can be seen the misty grey parapet of a trench and a narrow strip of starlit sky. ’ This shows that the dugout was claustrophobic and frightening since they were so close to no man’s land where so many lives were lost like Raleigh’s. During Raleigh’s death scene, R. C Sheriff uses the stage directions to metaphorically describe Raleigh’s gradual death. The solitary candle burns with a steady flame†¦.. The shock stabs out the candle flame. ’ The stage directions help to describe what is happening outside of the dugout such as ‘The shelling had risen to a great fury’. The writer has personified the shelling for the effect that war has a life of its own which cannot be contr olled by the men, ‘stretcher-bearers’ can be heard by the audience off stage, this shows that people are being injured by the ‘fury’ of the shelling. Hardy and Osborne’s handover lists facts to explain to the audience what happened previously when ‘a dug-out got blown up and came down in the men’s tea. They were frightfully annoyed. ’ R. C Sheriff has used dark humour to show how the men cope with the war. Also Hardy gives important information on the artillery â€Å"We’ve got a Lewis gun just here-â€Å". To deter away from the uncontrollable war the men would talk about the things that could be altered or controlled; for instance Trotter enjoys controlling what they eat ‘Keep ‘em and use ‘em for dumplings next time we ‘ave boiled beef. ’ This helps the men feel secure knowing that there are some things that are controllable and that they have a future albeit only in the short term. A few of the characters are deeply affected by the war; one of them being Hibbert who attempts to use ‘neuralgia’ as an excuse to be discharged from the frontline. This is deemed cowardice by the rest of the soldiers ‘Better die of the pain than be shot for deserting. ’ This is said by Stanhope when Hibbert tries to leave before the German attack. This quote also shows how cowardice was dealt with during the First World War and why it drove other men to cope with war in different ways. For example, Stanhope, turns to drink (alcohol) and soldiers are heard saying that he ’gets a reputation out here for drinking’. This quote shows that most of the men know Stanhope drinks and accept it even though he is a commanding officer. As an audience we are told that he didn’t drink before he joined the war. This is shown by the conversation Osborne has with Raleigh, in which he says Stanhope ‘caught some chaps in a study with a bottle of whisky. Lord! The roof nearly blew off. ’ This quote shows the irony of the situation because when Raleigh knew Stanhope he used to confiscate alcohol off of students but now he has found comfort in drinking it. However Raleigh himself realised the horror of war when Osborne was killed post raid, ‘How can I sit down and eat that-when-when†¦. -when Osborne’s†¦ ’ this quote shows that Raleigh does not know how to cope with Osborne’s death. As Stanhope hasn’t mentioned Osborne after the raid Raleigh thinks that he doesn’t care but he has ‘to forget’ so that he can bear to carry on fighting in the futile war. One of Journey’s End’s main themes is the futility of war; we are shown the uselessness of it when the raid-men returned 7 fewer than when they left. Including Osborne, the fallen men had sacrificed their lives for important information from a German officer which they never got as the German was only ‘a bare headed German boy†¦. ’ who told them what they already knew. So the raid was wasted as the only new information they discovered was that a German soldier carries a pocket knife as well as other ‘oddments’. Stanhope emphasizes this when he ‘speaks in a dead voice’ after the general celebrated ‘how awfully nice- if the brigadier’s pleased. ’ These quotes also indicate that the soldier’s actions are at the general’s whim. The audience saw the war transform Raleigh from a strong eager boy, who was clearly inexperienced as he was unsure of how to address other officers ‘Good evening (he notices Osborne’s grey hair and adds:)sir. ’ Another example of his inexperience is when he states ‘how frightfully quiet it is†¦.. i thought there would be an awful row here’ this shows that he has no concept of the reality of war. However, as time moves on and the play progresses we see Raleigh develops in maturity. We see this when Raleigh and Osborne are having their last drink before the raid; ‘I wonder what the Boche are doing over there now?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. I don’t know. D’you like Coffee†¦? ’ the author shows here that Raleigh is keen to know as much as possible about the raid whilst Osborne is trying to put it off for as long as possible as he is worried about the ‘millions of bullets’. We, as an audience, see Raleigh become deeply affected by the war, succeeding the raid, (when he had left Osborne dead, in no man’s land). His appearance is more rugged and dismal in comparison to his previous shining uniform this could be a reflection of his emotions as well as just war worn; this would be seen as a landmark in Raleigh’s life in the trenches. The audience is taken through Raleigh’s experience of war and his relationship with his fellow men and officers. He became a steadfast part of the story with which the audience could relate and he formed a connection between the characters and action taking place. It is therefore a loss when he dies that is felt by everyone absorbed in the play. His and the play’s final scene portrays a young man alone in a dark place, with a solitary candle burning for company but is extinguished in a raid that collapses the men’s shelter and snuffs out his life just like the candle. The men’s way of life in the trenches was isolated and boring, which left them to find ways of entertaining themselves: from the opening conversation between Hardy and Osborne we are told one of the ways that they amused themselves, ‘Ever had earwig races?†¦ We’ve had ‘em every evening. ’ Mason is seen as a main source of humour and light relief for the men a good example of this is when he has an ‘unpleasant surprise’ which is a tin of apricot chunks labelled pineapple chunks. This light humour helps the men to cope with the dire way of life; this is in contrast to the dark humour. The men have to live with ‘about two million’ rats which they have to shoot otherwise they ‘gnaw at your boots’ rats also carried many lice and fleas which then infected the men so personal hygiene was hard to maintain. Stanhope talks about imagination ‘He doesn’t see into the earth beyond – the worms wandering about round the stones and roots of trees’. This quote was about Trotter and his lack of imagination which ‘sharpens the mind’ the quote also adds to the claustrophobic living conditions knowing that they are at the same level as worms in the earth. The men also told stories to keep themselves occupied whether from war life or home life, ‘I spent all the time in the garden making a rockery. In the evenings I used to sit and smoke and read – and my wife used to knit socks and play the piano a bit. ’ This was said by Osborne who is known to be the ‘family man’. We are given several images of war throughout the play, Osborne the family man who passed his belongings onto Stanhope to give to his wife before the raid with the possibility that he mightn’t return. This shows his love for his family giving them his personal belongings as a reminder of him and his compassion. Raleigh is seen as stereotypical, eager to fight for his country, recruit. ‘full of guts’ which was one of the reasons why he was selected for the raid. Also he idolised Captain Stanhope from his school memories and was eager to meet him again. The audience are prepared for tragedy at the end of the play because a main character had already died, who was likeable so it showed that no matter how popular the character was he could still be killed. Also when R. C. Sheriff personified the stage directions to give the shelling a life of it’s own from ‘the lighter â€Å"crush† f the smaller shells, there comes the deep resounding â€Å"boom† of Minenwerfer. ’ The noise created from the booms and crushes would also create tension. In conclusion I believe that R. C. Sheriff best shows the horrors of war through the character Raleigh because i feel that he represents war because war starts with an innocence and as the play progresses it is slowly lost this his character could also be representitive of the human race starting with innocence and as the play pshows the affect war can have on a person and the gradual burden of it. The stage directions are a main factor as well because you can not see further than the dug-out, which isolates you away from the ‘front-line’ and the stage directions show war itself with the crashing and booming of bombs and bullets; they also tell the story and help set the scene. I personally feel that war is useless How to cite Horrors of War, Papers

Macbeth Novel Essay Thesis Example For Students

Macbeth Novel Essay Thesis Macbeth was one of William Shakespeares finest plays. Although many people have read Macbeth, not many people know that King Macbeth of Scotland actually existed and what influenced Shakespeare to write about him. English culture and society as well as the historical figure Macbeth impacted Shakespeares infamous play. The historical King Macbeth reigned in Scotland for 17 years from 1040-1057. He had a wife named Coruoch and a stepson named Luloch. Although Macbeth did kill Duncan, he was not the gentle king as described in Macbeth. Killing a king was not uncommon at this time as, Macbeths 7-9 predecessors ere killed as well. In 1050, Macbeth went on a religious pilgrimage to Rome to seek absolution for Duncans death. Unlike Macbeth, Malcolm (rather than Macduff) killed the historical Macbeth. Luloch, known as the Idiot, reigned for five months after Macbeths death until Malcom overthrew him. Although there are differences between Shakespeares Macbeth and the historical figure Macbeth, it is obvious that Shakespeare based his character on this Scottish king. The person who influenced Shakespeare to write Macbeth was King James I of England, who reigned from 1566 to 1625. King James, who was also nown as King James 6 of Scotland, succeeded the throne of Queen Elizabeth. James mother, Mary Queen of Scots, was known as a tragic queen since she killed James father. At age sixteen, rivals kidnapped James and at age 20, James mother was executed. King James was intellectual, scholarly, and an insatiable curiost. His ideal of heaven was the Oxford Library. In 1584, while he was only 18 years old, James wrote Essays of Apprentice in Fine Arts of Poetry. He discussed a new translation of the bible, The Authorized Version, which is the most popular bible today. James also wrote in defense of the Divine. Right of Kings- that kings were chosen by God, but they must rule well. King James succeeded in ruling an authoritarian government, but he ruled no better than todays democratic governments. He was known as the wisest fool in Christendom. James was also eager for social reform. He wrote A Counterblast to Tobacco, which is much like the anti-smoking campaigns of modern times. When Shakespeare wrote Macbeth, he was obviously aware of James concern with witchcraft. King James wrote the Daemonologie, an account of his experiences with witchcraft. Once a witch tried to melt James image in wax, and another itch tried to poison him with toad venom. James is skeptical of witchcraft, but does not dismiss it. One significant event during King James reign was the gunpowder plot. A party of Christian zealots attempted to blow up Parliament. Henry Garnet, a Jesuit, knew of the plot but lied under questioning sine he thought it was justifiable to conceal the truth. James resented this, and many people sympathized with him. The writing of Macbeth was aimed at the head of King James. James was Scottish, like Macbeth, and enjoyed the play. Shakespeare and his actors were known as the Kings Men and Grooms of the Chamber. They received increased pay and production time. King James found an ancestor in Banquo and believed that man could ally himself with evil, but cannot create it. Macbeth emphasized the savagery of Scotland, which was all too real for James, who knew the throne of Scotland was worth struggling for. It was King James who conceived the term Great Britain when he united England and Scotland. Macbeth was deliberately written for King James I, who influenced many factors of the play. While Macbeth was a real king, Shakespeare intertwined the history of Macbeth with events of King James life to create this masterpiece.